Which of the following is not listed as a prevention level in the standard framework?

• A. Primary prevention
• B. Secondary prevention
• C. Tertiary prevention
• D. Quaternary prevention

Answer: (D)

Understanding disease prevention involves three classic levels. Primary prevention aims to stop disease from developing in the first place through health promotion, vaccination, and reducing risk factors. Secondary prevention focuses on early detection of disease through screening and prompt treatment to prevent progression. Tertiary prevention works to reduce damage and disability once a disease is established, through rehabilitation, treatment, and preventing complications. Quaternary prevention is a related but separate concept that addresses protecting patients from unnecessary or harmful medical interventions and overmedicalization. It isn’t part of the traditional three-level framework, which is why it’s not listed among the standard prevention levels.